Brief for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund ... Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ... Elaine Jones, who headed the organization from 1993 to … Impact Fund and NAACP Legal Defense Fund to SCOTUS: Don’t ... memeorandum: LDF Issues Statement on Misleading References ... by Andy Piascik. Intimidated by the Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service, the Legal and Educational Defense Fund, Inc., became a separate legal entity in 1957, although it was clear that it was to operate in accordance with NAACP policy. I interviewed at NAACP Legal Defense Fund (Washington, DC) in Nov 2020. JURY SELECTION The jury questionnaires required jurors to list the number of children, their ages, etc., and membership in organizations. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund filed a lawsuit under the Freedom of Information Act to compel the Department of Justice to release documents related to its request to add a citizenship question to the 2020 Census. Thirty years after its own founding, the NAACP created the defendant "N.A.A.C.P. The NAACP Legal Defense Fund has reshaped the course of justice over the past 80 years. A recent op-ed by Theodore Shaw, president and director-counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, urged a full and fair investigation into the case of Ruben Cantu, a Texas man who may have been innocent of the murder for which he was executed in 1993.Shaw noted that Cantu’s case was “fraught with systemic errors,” including the fact that … NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc. Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, et al. Under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall, it brought most of the important civil rights cases from its founding through the 1960s. President Dwight D. Eisenhower … The case was brought on behalf of the South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP and individual voters, who are represented by the American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU of South Carolina, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF), Boroughs Bryant LLC, and Arnold & Porter. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund has received $1 million during its five years of participation. 1143 (D.D.C. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) is the nation’s first and foremost civil rights organization. NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. 40 Rector Street, 5th Floor New York, NY 10006 Tel: (212) 965-2200 Fax: (212) 226-7592 Counsel for Amicus Curiae NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND DIVISION SIERRA … Since its founding in 1940, LDF has fought to secure the constitutional promise of equality for all people. 667, 672 (DC 1983) (NAACP II). The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund has received $1 million during its five years of participation. Another avenue through which the NAACP helps end discrimination is through the organization’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund (NAACP LDF). Established by the NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF), the MMSP is committed to identifying and investing in the next generation of aspiring lawyers dedicated to pursuing racial justice in the South, and for whom this work is a personal and professional calling. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) program for reform had long combined legal challenges to de jure segregation … Read MoreNAACP Legal Defense and … al, at p. 12.. (ca.gov) The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in the past two years went beyond civil rights battles to take on what it saw as emerging threats to American democracy. The oral history initiative will be administered by the Archives team of LDF’s Thurgood Marshall Institute (TMI), a multidisciplinary center within LDF. Fund, at p. 3. LDF’s mission is to achieve racial justice and to ensure the full, fair, and free exercise of constitutional and statutory rights for It functioned as the NAACP legal department. (The Fund became a separate organization in 1957.) The latest litigation news involving the company NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc. () Through advocacy and litigation, LDF focuses on issues of education, voter protection, economic justice and criminal justice. The latest litigation news involving the company NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc. () LDF was founded in 1940 by legendary civil rights lawyer (and later Supreme Court justice) Thurgood Marshall, and became a separate organization from the NAACP in 1957. AP Photo/Greg Gibson In a 5-4 decision in 1972, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty as applied was cruel and unusual punishment in the cases, and in violation of equal protection. I got a call a few days later and was offered the position. The NAACP joined with a number of non-profit organizations to sue President Donald J. Trump, members of … In Cornelius v.NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 473 U.S. 788 (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that a policy excluding advocacy organizations from participating in a program that solicited contributions from federal employees did not violate the First Amendment.. CFC allowed federal employees to contribute money to local organizations. Application. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in the past two years went beyond civil rights battles to take on what it saw as emerging threats to American democracy. The early seeds of the LDF can be traced to the year before when prominent Black attorney Charles Hamilton Houston helped bolster the NAACP's legal department. I applied to be a Spring intern. From its beginning the NAACP had a Legal Redress Committee which helped defend African Americans whose cases were based upon racial injustice, discrimination and segregation. The process was very smooth. "Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc." Oyez, www.oyez.org/cases/1984/84-312. On July 18, 2017, the NAACP Legal Defense & Education Fund (NAACP) filed this lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. After founding the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in 1940, Marshall became the key strategist in the effort to end racial segregation, in particular meticulously challenging Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court-sanctioned legal doctrine that called for “separate but equal” structures for white and Black people. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF) is the litigation and legal policy affiliate of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).LDF uses strategic litigation and legal advocacy to advance a left-of-center agenda focused on issues related to African American and ethnic minority interests. About the NAACP Legal Defense Fund Since 1940, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) has been the vanguard in the battle for civil rights and racial justice in the United States. 1985) case opinion from the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Sherrilyn Ifill, LDF’s … The cover photo of Equal Justice Under Law, Constance Baker Motley’s 1998 autobiography, captures Motley, James Meredith, and Medgar Evers exiting a federal courthouse in New Orleans.It was 1962 and Motley, a staff attorney for the Legal Defense Fund of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was there … Sherrilyn Ifill, who for the past eight years has led the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund as its president and director-counsel, will … The NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., established on this day, became the tax-exempt legal action arm of the NAACP. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. LDF seeks structural changes to expand democracy, eliminate disparities, and achieve racial justice in a society that fulfills the promise of equality for all Americans. In the United States, a legal defense fund (or LDF) is an account set up to pay for legal expenses, which can include attorneys' fees, court filings, litigation costs, legal advice, or other legal fees. Transgender Law Center, et al. A graduate of Howard University School of Law, he was the director counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Mamie Phipps Clark, PhD, and Kenneth Clark, PhD were the first African Americans to obtain their doctorate degrees in psychology from Columbia University, opened the Northside Center for Child Development in 1946, and testified as expert witnesses in the Brown vs. Board of Education case in 1954, making them influential to the Civil Rights movement. Get Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, 473 U.S. 788 (1985), United States Supreme Court, case facts, key issues, and holdings and reasonings online today. By the time the NAACP made an effort to become involved in the legal defense of the accused, the International Labor Defense had already staked a claim to the case. The lawyers at the Legal Defense Fund developed and executed the legal strategy that led … Since its founding, the organization has been involved in more cases before the U.S. Supreme Court than any other … Major news outlets side with Steve Bannon on one part of his legal fight. The fund’s activities focus on four areas: education, voter protection, economic justice, and criminal justice. The accomplished activists, professionals, and philanthropists who lead NAACP are committed to ending race-based discrimination. Through advocacy and litigation, LDF focuses on issues of education, voter protection, economic justice, and criminal justice. Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.," as a New York non-profit corporation, with respect to which the NAACP Board of Directors *1340 resolved, on October 9, 1939, as follows: From 1982 through 1984, the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund received some $800,000 in pledges, Blauner Affidavit, ¶ 5, and the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law collected more than $100,000. Founded in 1940 under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall, who subsequently became the first African American U.S. Supreme Court Justice, LDF was launched at a time when the nation’s aspirations for equality and due process of law were … Established by the NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF), the MMSP is committed to identifying and investing in the next generation of aspiring lawyers dedicated to pursuing racial justice in the South, and for whom this work is a personal and professional calling. "Marshall was thus one of … The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) is America’s premier legal organization fighting for racial justice. But not the last. They also spoke to my references during the interview process. After the Brown case, he argued several other civil rights cases before the Supreme Court. This fund allows the NAACP to provide legal assistance to people who have faced racial discrimination. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) is accepting proposals for an oral history partner for LDF’s new oral history initiative, a three-year first phase project to begin in January 2022. of Justice, 612 F. Supp. NEW YORK-- (BUSINESS WIRE)--The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) today announced that President and Director-Counsel Sherrilyn Ifill will step down from her role in the spring of 2022 after nearly a decade leading the organization through its greatest period of growth and transformation. Sherrilyn Ifill, who for the past eight years has led the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund as its president and director-counsel, … The cover photo of Equal Justice Under Law, Constance Baker Motley’s 1998 autobiography, captures Motley, James Meredith, and Medgar Evers exiting a federal courthouse in New Orleans.It was 1962 and Motley, a staff attorney for the Legal Defense Fund of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was there … More information: The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund is America's legal counsel on issues of race. 1365 (D.D.C.1981) [hereinafter referred to as NAACP LDF I] and NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. v. Devine, 560 F. Supp. About Us. San Diego NAACP and 14 Others Sue County and City of El Cajon for Violation of their Civil Rights. Excerpted From: NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. and the American Civil Liberties Union, Brief for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. and the American Civil Liberties Union as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents, United States Supreme Court Amicus Brief, Barbara Grutter, Petitioner, V. Lee Bollinger, et Al., … After founding the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in 1940, Marshall became the key strategist in the effort to end racial segregation, in particular meticulously challenging Plessy v. Ferguson , the Court-sanctioned legal doctrine that called for “separate but equal” structures for white and blacks.. Also to know is, what key cases did the naacp support? Marshall founded the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in 1940. Written and curated by real attorneys at Quimbee. NAACP Legal Defense Fund: This is the first step to end police violence. {snip} Soon it will have a new leader. More information about NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund: The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund is America's legal counsel on issues of race. On July 18, 2017, the NAACP Legal Defense & Education Fund (NAACP) filed this lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The original version of this story incorrectly stated that Sherrilyn Ifill was the first female president and director-counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc. v. Devine, 560 F. Supp. By the time the NAACP made an effort to become involved in the legal defense of the accused, the International Labor Defense had already staked a claim to the case. Fund’) provides legal services in the fight against racial discrimination. A detailed report released by the NAACP's Legal Defense fund provides facts and figures about the case while also calling for the appointment of a special prosecutor. Illinois Republicans have filed another lawsuit on the same grounds. The plaintiff legal defense funds categorized themselves as "national service associations," a category that OPM had defined as agencies having a domestic welfare service function which includes direct services to meet basic human welfare needs. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Part 2 of 3: Contacting a Regional or National Office Download ArticleNavigate the webpage. The NAACP website has a "Contact Us" FAQ for anyone attempting to reach a regional or national office.Contact the right office. The NAACP contact page is intended to direct interested persons to the correct bureau office for their region or interests and contains several different email ...Contact the national office directly.More items... Now it's preparing to change leaders. The NAACP joined with a number of non-profit organizations to sue President Donald J. Trump, members of … The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in the past two years went beyond civil rights battles to take on what it saw as emerging threats to American democracy. Kevin Gough, a defense attorney in the trial of three men charged with killing Ahmaud Arbery, is known in legal circles for pushing the envelope if he thinks it will benefit his client. Primary Navigation. Marshall created its Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. in 1939 to litigate cases and raise money exclusively for the legal program. But not the last. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF or, alternately, the ‘Inc. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc. said Wednesday that its president and director-counsel, who "achieved unprecedented growth" for the organization and fortified its … "Under Marshall, the NAACP's legal staff became the model for public interest law firms," wrote one of his biographers, Mark Tushnet. History; Staff; Board; Employment; Fellows/Interns; Seeking Assistance; Contact Us Accordingly, the NAACP's mission was and is to ensure the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority group citizens of United States and eliminate race prejudice . The NAACP seeks to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democratic processes. Courts routinely grant qualified immunity to officers who shoot first and think later. More information: The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund is America's legal counsel on issues of race. Enlarge Thurgood Marshall to Arthur B. Spingarn and Walter White concerning the founding of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, July 27, 1939. Are establishment black “civil rights organizations” like the NAACP, the National Action Network and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund really opposed to mass incarceration and the prison state? The NAACP's Legal Defense Fund is the first civil and human rights law firm, established in 1940 by late Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. From the groundbreaking Brown v.Board of Education case to voting rights and education, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF) has been the nation’s premier civil rights law organization fighting for racial justice and equality since its founding in 1940 by legendary civil rights lawyer (and later Supreme Court justice) Thurgood Marshall. Legal Career Together with Houston, Marshall participated in the cases Murray v. Maryland (1936) and Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada (1938). The Legal Defense Fund severed ties with the NAACP in 1957 but retained its original name. NAACP Legal Defense Fund: This is the first step to end police violence. In 1940 the organization formerly known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and now called the NAACP launched the Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF). The Impact Fund and NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. filed an amicus brief in the U.S. Supreme Court on behalf of ourselves and twenty-four civil rights organizations in support of Ramirez that specifically challenges TransUnion’s interpretation of Rule 23 as contrary to the text of the rule and decades of case law. This fund allows the NAACP to provide legal assistance to people who have faced racial discrimination. Accessed 14 Nov. 2021. The most important case, of course, was Brown v. Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.," as a New York non-profit corporation, with respect to which the NAACP Board of Directors *1340 resolved, on October 9, 1939, as follows: The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (“LDF”) is a non-profit, non-partisan legal organization founded in 1940 under the leadership of Justice Thurgood Marshall. The NAACP Legal Defense Fund explains how it built a case against the admissions policies currently in play at the eight specialized high schools in New York City. Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., Appellant, 753 F.2d 131 (D.C. Cir. 13. Virginia Prince Edward County, 1952. Mar 18, ... which ruled that businesses cannot justify discrimination — such as refusing to serve Black customers as was the case then — because of religion. Source: Death Row Population Figures from NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. “Death Row USA” (April, 2021). Ralston Affidavit III, ¶ 3. About Us. How it operates is described in greater detail in NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. v. Campbell, 504 F. Supp. Thirty years after its own founding, the NAACP created the defendant "N.A.A.C.P. The fol lo win g is a sa mpl in g of so me of th e voi r dire questions that were asked in anticipation of by Andy Piascik. While the NAACP lawyers take many types of cases, they generally fall into these categories: National Women's Law Center, et al. ‘We have to push boundaries’ on civil rights, says incoming NAACP Legal Defense Fund president — Janai Nelson, who will replace Sherrilyn Ifill this spring, says the group is “fighting against a revitalized mission to advance White supremacy” — The NAACP Legal Defense and … That's a … History; Staff; Board; Employment; Fellows/Interns; Seeking Assistance; Contact Us I had one Skype interview. — A coalition of the nation's largest media companies and news organizations has filed a legal brief in support of Stephen K. Bannon, asking a federal court not to bar him from publicly releasing documents related to … It has fought for school desegregation and the right to vote. A former top public defender whose firing five years ago was condemned by the local NAACP chapter, Kevin Gough is known in legal circles for pushing the envelope if he thinks it … It has fought for school desegregation and the right to vote. This case is pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. ... ">LDF in 1988 as Assistant Counsel, litigating voting rights cases for five years. NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Rights, George Kendall, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Inc., and Gary Parker of Columbus, Georgia. The NAACP LDF was founded as a part of the NAACP in 1940 by civil rights lawyer Thurgood Marshall, who would later serve as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.In 1957, LDF became a separate entity, but it remains closely affiliated with the NAACP. Baltimore native Thurgood Marshall graduated from Howard Law School in 1933 and joined the NAACP as assistant counsel in 1936. For decades, qualified immunity has provided a safe harbor for police malfeasance. Another avenue through which the NAACP helps end discrimination is through the organization’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund (NAACP LDF). Jones escorts President Bill Clinton into an NAACP Legal Defense Fund dinner in Washington on May 16, 1994. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. NEW YORK-- (BUSINESS WIRE)--The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) today announced that President and Director-Counsel Sherrilyn Ifill will step down from her role in the spring of 2022 after nearly a decade leading the organization through its greatest period of growth and transformation. The NAACP hoped to join lawsuits already filed by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund and the NAACP of East St. Louis which contend the maps were drawn in violation of the federal Voting Rights Act, which protects minority interests. The accomplished activists, professionals, and philanthropists who lead NAACP are committed to ending race-based discrimination. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund v. US Dept. Since joining LDF in 2012, Leah has used litigation, legislative, policy, and public education strategies to ensure that Black people have equal access to the political process, economic opportunity, and environmental justice. NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. November 30, 2021 Senator Dick Durbin Senator Chuck Grassley United States Senate United States Senate 711 Hart Senate Office Building 135 Hart Senate Office Building Washington, D.C. 20510 Washington, D.C. 20510 Brief of Amici Curiae Matrimonial Lawyers, et. Meet the Senior Staff. The lawsuit was brought against the state's governor and numerous county election offices by the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU of Georgia, NAACP … I applied online. The NAACP Legal Defense Fund has reshaped the course of justice over the past 80 years. The NAACP hoped to join lawsuits already filed by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund and the NAACP of East St. Louis which contend the maps were drawn in violation of the federal Voting Rights Act, which protects minority interests. 1985) case opinion from the US District Court for the District of Columbia The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund has been fighting for justice on behalf of African Americans for the past 75 years. Illinois Republicans have filed another lawsuit on the same grounds. National Board of Directors. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Incorporated (LDF) began as the legal department of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1940. Visit here to stay up-to-date on the latest economic and racial justice issues or revisit older topics that might want you to consult in the near future! The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in the past two years went beyond civil rights battles to take on what it saw as emerging threats … Oct 18, 2016.. (sdvoice.info) Brief of Amicus Curiae NAACP Legal Defense and Education. When Houston returned to private practice in 1938, Marshall took over the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and … Leah currently serves as Deputy Director of Litigation at the NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF). While the NAACP lawyers take many types of cases, they generally fall into these categories: Founded in 1940 under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall, who subsequently became the first African American U.S. Supreme Court Justice, LDF was launched at a time when the nation’s aspirations for equality and due process of law were … Through their various roles and areas of expertise, they bolster the work and drive the fight for civil rights and social … D. Crawley, photographer . Now it's preparing to change leaders. NAACP Legal Defense Fund Organized. Accessed 14 Nov. 2021. The NAACP Legal Defense Fund filed a federal lawsuit on behalf of Black Michigan voters against President Donald Trump and his campaign Friday, accusing both of violating the Voting Rights Act. Naacp North Carolina Customer Service Phone Number. The Customer Service Phone Number of Naacp North Carolina is: +1919-682-4700, +1 866-626-2227. NAACP is the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People which is used to provide the equal rights and provides all kinds of facilities such as education, economic, and social equality. While primarily focused on the civil rights of African Americansin the U.S., * Figures include persons whose death sentences have been overturned but who still face the possibility of being re-sentenced to death after a new trial or new sentencing hearing. This was key in raising the Association's profile as a champion for African American rights. LD F’s advocacy has included efforts to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s promise of equality, see, e.g., Cooper v. GLAD and NCLR. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. is America's premier legal organization fighting for racial justice. Ralston Affidavit III, ¶ 3. Interview. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Aka Naacp v. N.a.a.c.p. Excerpted From: NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. and the American Civil Liberties Union, Brief for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. and the American Civil Liberties Union as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents, United States Supreme Court Amicus Brief, Barbara Grutter, Petitioner, V. Lee Bollinger, et Al., … What are legal defense funds? Through advocacy and litigation, LDF focuses on issues of education, voter protection, economic justice and criminal justice. Sherrilyn Ifill, President Of The NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Is Stepping Down Malaika Jabali 18 hrs ago. Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., Family Equality Council, et al. 667 (D.D.C.1983) [hereinafter referred to as NAACP LDF II]. Early in its history, the LDF advocated for the desegregation of public schools and the overturn of the 1896 The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) is a non-profit civil rights legal organization that, for over 75 years, has fought to enforce the guarantee of equal protection and due process in the United States Constitution on behalf of victims of discrimination. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) is America’s premier legal organization fighting for racial justice. Kenneth B. Clark with the NAACP Legal Defense Fund lawyers, outside the U.S. Court House, Richmond Va., during the Davis v. County School Board desegregation case / Robt. From 1961 to 1965 Marshall served as a judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and as solicitor general from 1965 to 1967. The NAACP Develops a Legal Defense Team. Primary Navigation. The fund can be public or private and is set up for individuals, organizations, or for a particular purpose. From 1982 through 1984, the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund received some $800,000 in pledges, Blauner Affidavit, ¶ 5, and the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law collected more than $100,000. NAACP- Its Real Creators - Its Real Purpose. W.E.B Du Bios was the creator of the NAACP. Du Bois was a member of a black "group" (Niagara Movement), which consisted of a number of prominent Black men who met a few times and expressed a desire, among other things, to have White people commit to race-nullification. Through their various roles and areas of expertise, they bolster the work and drive the fight for civil rights and social justice.
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